HISTORY OF POWDER
Gunpowder, an input that any shooter consumes almost daily, but in which not all repaired. Only those involved in the art of recharge, spend attention to this detail. But according to our sport, it could be called as a cornerstone of the whole development of shooting sports and one of the discoveries that changed the linimientos of power in the world. Needless to say that empires have grown and matured under this alquimia.Yendo a historic high, the term derives from the word gunpowder dust whose origin is the aspect that showed manufacturing propellants primitiva.Se called gunpowder to the mix of substances that are capable of reacting in a short time and generate gases at high pressure and temperature differences and in turn produce certain materials work mecánico.Estos have the characteristic of propellants, and it is noteworthy that the explosions of these materials are differentiated into two categories: explosive "triggers" which are instant transformation that occurs all the explosive, so it is uncontrollable. The second category are explosives "igniter" in which the process is slower and occur in layers, usually from the surface of the explosive into the same controlled manner. This type of explosive igniter are commonly used to drive a proyectil.Los two main types of powders are called black powder and smokeless powders (modern), although the classification is much more amplia.En this article will begin by give an explanation for the black powders are in fact the most primitivas.En their early formed by simple mixing of elements that are usually mixed it at the same time use. A black powder is also called mechanical because they consist of mixtures of fuel and oxidizer (oxygen-generating substance to combustion occurs), and no chemical processes involved. Is extremely sensitive to heat and friction and ignition occurs by rapid oxidation of the carbon and sulfur using the oxygen liberated from potassium nitrate, and the burning releases large amounts of heat can reach up to around 1700 degrees. How in the beginning not achieved a very homogeneous in size and shape was irregular because the forms such as spheres, tablets, hexagonal, cubic and others, was very variable combustion causing undesirable effects such as the explosion of the weapon itself. The first mixtures were on record in France year 1338 using the following mixture: Nitrate (also called potassium nitrate as an oxidizing agent) 50%, sulfur (yellow solid and largest producer of smoke, the mineral is close to the volcanic craters and hot springs as Italy, Sicily and the U.S.) 25% and carbon or carbon (as a reducing agent and which owes its color is black) 25%. Years later (1350) England used the mix: 66.6% saltpeter, sulfur and coal 11.1% 22.3%. In subsequent years it was found that varying the size and shape of grains, varying in turn the combustion pressure. Also in an effort to improve the combustion nitrate was replaced by oxygen bearing potassium chlorate how the formula was: 49% potassium chlorate, potassium prussiate 28% and 23% sulfur, but this mixture was highly corrosive and its only advantage lay in producing few waste combustion . It is noteworthy that black powder has high combustion residues reaching 60% of its original weight and are potassium sulfide, potassium sulfate and potassium carbonate, and influence the heavy smoke and the smell characteristic of this type gunpowder. The combination of heat and produce a high pressure gas if the reaction is contained in a container such as a manufacturing arma.En the beginning was very long and tedious and the mixture was made by wetting all compounds and they were placed in a species of wooden vessels which had mechanisms agitation for a time between 12 and 15 hours until there is a homogeneous mixture. Then pressed to remove water until the mixture was dry and solid, then through the grinding rollers to produce the desired grain, and finally graphite obtenidos.El grain graphite is a form of carbon and is the main element of the pencils. The name graphite is from the Greek word that means writing graphein. Which also is used in lubricants, waxes, batteries and motors eléctricos.A turn can be classified into three types: "live powders" grains of which range from one to three millimeters and are quick blast.
· "Gunpowder slow" grain for four to twelve millimeters, which burn more slowly.
· "Gunpowder progressive" coarser grain, and whose combustion is gradually and increases as the projectile moves through the bore.
· "Gunpowder slow" grain for four to twelve millimeters, which burn more slowly.
· "Gunpowder progressive" coarser grain, and whose combustion is gradually and increases as the projectile moves through the bore.
Granulation is indicated by the letter F (fine). The more times you repeat the F finer grain. I hope this article has contributed something about this complex issue of how the pólvoras.Resulta evident that the powder come a long way in its history, and I think at this point has nearly reached the pinnacle of evolution, and that technological developments in relation to the art of war at this time, and go through a technology that goes beyond of small arms.
What is the difference between the PSB and CSB powders?
regard to their use and performance differences are minimal.
They differ in shape, square flake PSB and CBS records, and their methods of manufacture, the manufacturing process is more environmentally CBS (less waste).
should not be any due to gunpowder.
His burning speed, vivacity. This is what distinguishes the different types of gunpowder to use for different pellet weights.
stability. Indicates the time that the powder may be stored (in good storage conditions) without it being dangerous.
The relationship between the pressure in the chamber and the speed of the shot once loaded in a cartridge. The best powder is what gives the desired speed with minimal pressure.
Only if you are very badly cut can affect performance. The burn rate (vivacity) depends on the surface of the film of powder and it mainly from the induced porosity in the same, the difference due to a cut surface is negligible different compared to the total area (due to porosity).
The court may influence the dosage of gunpowder in the cartridges.
Why is it that some powders leave much debris in the barrel?
A has not been given enough time to burn all the powder, it causes the tube suddenly depressurize and stop the burning.
This is because all or part of the powder is too gradual (slow burning) for loading the cartridge bearing pellets, ie not sufficiently porous.
No, our powders are colored to distinguish one type from another and the load bearing dye is about 0.01%.
How do they differentiate between different types of powder 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6?
In its burn rate (vitality) and this in turn in the porosity of the layers of powder (specific surface).
INVENTORS OF THE POWDER, BERTHOLD SCHWARZ ROGER BACON IN ERROR AND ITS FORMULATION IN EUROPE.
BERTHOLD SCHWARZ
is the inventor of heavy artillery and erroneously attributed to the German monk born in Freiburg (Breisgau) the invention of gunpowder barrel. But in reality, as in many cases were the first Andalusian Muslims who used to use it in Europe when in 1262 they met in Niebla (Spain) to the army of Alfonso X El Sabio. The real contribution of Schwarz was the introduction of heavy artillery, specifically bronze cannons, which taught the Venetians use. He built the first guns of the Western world as cargo used the projection powder, a fact which took place in 1313 in the Flemish city of Ghent. It is known that one of these geniuses of artillery was sent to England in 1314, the fearsome weapon, known by the names of Vosí or Pots de Fer, shooting an arrow from a cup-shaped receptacle, into which was placed gunpowder. The shooting was provoked by applying a hot iron to the ear of the canyon. In honor of the German monk must say that this procedure, with very little improvement, it continued to employ during the next 500 years. Possession of artillery technology changed the art of war and provided a great superiority to European armies, which proved vital for them to colonize and to impose its power in other latitudes. As we said in the beginning of the text is German monk was not the inventor of gunpowder. It is probable that the gunpowder was introduced into Europe from the Middle East. The first reference to the manufacture in Europe is in a document Roger Bacon, the Epistle of operibus-secret Artis et Naturae, et de nullitate Magiae
ROGER BACON
was a philosopher , scientific and theologian English. Also known as Doctor Mirabilis, which was one of the Franciscan friars tiempo.Inspirado most famous of the works of earlier Arab authors and conservative heirs of the ancient Greek world works, put considerable emphasis on empiricism and has been featured as one of the first thinkers who proposed the modern scientific method . His life and his studies included: Optical Studies
Bacon scientific training Bacon had received showed him the flaws in the existing academic debate. None of the teachers learned Greek. Aristotle was known only through poor translations. The same was true for Scripture. Physical science was not addressed by experiments in the Aristotelian way, but by arguments based on tradition. Bacon withdrew from the scholastic routine and became a devotee of study of languages \u200b\u200band experimental research.
Bacon was always faithful to his views, maintained what he believed was right and attacked those who disagreed, which repeatedly caused him great problems. In 1256 was appointed a new head of the scientific branch of the Franciscan Order: Richard Cornwell , with whom Bacon had strongly disagreed in the past. Bacon was soon moved to a monastery in France, where for nearly 10 years could only communicate with their fellow intellectuals by letters.
Bacon wrote to the Cardinal Guy le Gros de Folques, who is interested por sus ideas y le pidió que escribiese un tratado completo. Bacon, que estaba restringido por una regla de la orden franciscana que le prohibía publicar trabajos sin un permiso especial, inicialmente dudó. El cardenal se convirtió en el Papa Clemente IV y urgió a Bacon a que ignorase la prohibición y a escribir el libro en secreto. Bacon lo hizo y envió su trabajo, el Opus Maius, un tratado sobre las ciencias (Gramática, Lógica, Matemáticas, Física y Filosofía), al Papa en 1267 . Fue seguido el mismo año por el Opus Minus (conocido también by Opus Secundum), summary of the main thoughts of his first job. In 1268 , sent his third work, the Opus Tertium, the Pope, who died that same year, seemingly before seeing even the Opus Majus, though he knew that the work had come to Rome.
In his writings, calls for a reform of theological studies. Intended to put less emphasis on minor philosophical questions, such as in Scholasticism. Instead, the Bible should return to the spotlight and theologians to study the languages \u200b\u200bin which their original sources were written. He understood several languages \u200b\u200band lamented the corruption of the Holy Scriptures and the works of Greek philosophers by numerous mistranslations and misinterpretations. Also urged all theologians to study hard all the sciences and added to the university curriculum.
His "Opus Majus" contains presentations of mathematics, optics, alchemy, the manufacture of gunpowder, the positions and sizes of celestial bodies, and anticipates later inventions such as microscopes, telescopes, spectacles, flying machines and steam ships. Bacon studied astrology and believed that the heavenly bodies had no influence on fate and human thinking. He also wrote a critique of Julian calendar , who was then still in use. It was the first to recognize the visible spectrum in a glass of water, centuries before Isaac Newton discovered that the lenses could be separated and re-form the white light.
Roger Bacon is considered by some as the author of the Voynich Manuscript , because of his studies in the fields of alchemy, astrology, and languages. A Bacon also is credited with manual Speculum Alchemiae Alchemy.
was an enthusiastic proponent and practitioner of experimental method to acquire knowledge about the world. He planned to publish a comprehensive encyclopedia, but only fragments appeared.
EXPLOSIVES
DEFINITION: compounds or mixtures of chemicals that burn or decompose rapidly generating large amounts of gas and heat, and the consequent effects of sudden pressure. In peacetime, the explosives are mainly used for blasting in mining and quarrying, but also are also used in fireworks, in equipment signaling and to make rivets and shaping metal. Explosives are also used as propellants for missiles and rockets, and explosives for demolition, and to make bullets, bombs and mines. The first explosive known was the powder, also called black powder. Began to be used towards the XIII century and was the only explosive known for centuries. Cellulose nitrate and nitroglycerin, both discovered in 1846, were the first modern explosives. Since then, nitrates, nitrogen compounds, fulminates and azides have been the main explosive compounds used separately or mixed with fuel and other agents. Xenon trioxide, which was the first explosive oxide, was developed in 1962. Characteristics of explosives Explosives are grouped into two main types, low explosives, which burn at rates of centimeters per second, and high explosives or instant detonation experiencing speeds from 914 to 9,140 meters per second. The explosives are other important characteristics that determine their use in specific applications. Among those features are the ease with which they can be detonated and their stability under certain conditions of heat, cold and humidity. The effect dismembered or disruptive power of an explosive depends on the velocity of detonation. Some modern high explosives, with a detonation velocity of 9,140 m / s, are extremely effective for military demolition and for certain types of blasting. However, in quarrying and mining, where the goal is to leave large pieces of rock or mineral, explosives should be used with a lower detonation velocity and less disruptive power. The explosives used as propellants in rifles and guns must burn more slowly, as they have to provide a growing momentum to the projectile into the barrel of the gun, instead of producing an instant jolt, if too strong, would destroy the weapon. To initiate the detonation of less sensitive high explosives are used special types heat-sensitive explosives or impact and a moderate ground-breaking ability. High explosives such as dynamite, often mixed with inert materials that reduce its sensitivity and disruptive power.
THERE ARE TWO MAIN
THERE ARE TWO MAIN
High Explosives:
There are a number of explosives that owe their destructive power to detonation. Some, such as TNT or trinitrotoluene, are highly resistant to impact or friction, and can be handled, stored and used with some confidence. Others, such as nitroglycerin, are so sensitive that always are mixed with a desensitizer for practical reasons. Often explosive mix of different types to achieve desirable characteristics. During World War I, the high explosive TNT was the most commonly used, but after I and during World War II, developed a large number of high explosives fully effective. Among the most important are the RDX and pentaerythritol tetranitrate.
Explosives Safety:
In coal mining, the use of ordinary high explosives is dangerous because of the possibility of turning on the gas or suspended coal dust that may be present in the subsurface. To perform blasting in these conditions, we have developed special types of safety explosives to minimize the risk of fire or explosion, resulting in relatively cool flames and last a short time. The types of explosives approved for work safety in coal mines are mainly ammonium nitrate mixed with other ingredients like sodium nitrate, nitroglycerin, cellulose nitrate, nitrostarch, carbon material, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate.
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES
The explosives can be classified according to different criteria. According to their chemical nature
explosives can be classified as organic, inorganic or metal body. Within the first can also be classified as nitro hydrocarbons, nitro amines, or nitric esters.
According to their reaction can be classified as initiators or detonators, multipliers, breakers and propellants.
Classification according to their chemical nature: Organic
:
compounds are obtained by nitration of organic substances. Handling is safe and is activated by an initiator or bait. Respond to the following formulas:
As seen, adding a nitro group (-NO2) to the original organic molecule displacing hydrogen. A common way to do this is add to the organic molecule nitric acid HNO3. Each molecule of nitric acid loses a hydrogen and oxygen, which loses hydrogen added to the organic compound form a water molecule H2O.
Thus, for example, to produce one mole of trinitrotoluene, or TNT, it takes one mole of toluene C7H8 and three moles of HNO3, and get three moles of water, which must be eliminated a desiccator, which may be sulfuric acid.
Inorganic
are components of propellants and explosives are directly. Examples are KClO3 potassium chlorate, potassium nitrate KNO3 or NH4NO3 ammonium nitrate. Organometallics
:
:
Used as bait or other explosive initiators. They are generally very unstable structure and thus its explosive decomposition is endothermic or slightly exothermic. Have the character of detonators and enough shock to decay. Among them mercury fulminate ONC-Hg-CNO, or lead azide (N3) 2Pb.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE REACTION RATE OF EXPLOSION
initiators or detonators:
are very sensitive to external actions. Detonate and the phenomenon is spreading at high speed (above 10,000 m / s). Organometallic often ..
Multipliers:
explosion and amplifiers used as initiator. Among these are the tetralita, the exogenous and PETN, which are nitroamine.
Breakers:
explosion but used directly for mechanical effects cause breakage. As an example we quote the TNT, nitroglycerin, and picric acid, which are nitrohidorcarburos.
Drive (ballistic or explosive powders):
The phenomenon is spreading to a slower burst speed. Deflagrate with speed below 100 m / s (compared to 10,000 m / s of the primers). Among the inorganic nature are black powder (potassium nitrate, carbon and sulfur), or smokeless powder (nitrocellulose).
In general, two types of explosives used for propelling projectiles in guns and rockets, and both are usually referred to by the generic name of gunpowder smoke free. The term is correct in the case of a low explosive, gelatinized cellulose nitrate. The other type of smokeless powder, consisting of a mixture of cellulose nitrate and a high explosive such as nitroglycerin, is known correctly as double-base powder or compound powder. A common explosive dual core is the cordite, which contains from 30 to 40% nitroglycerin and a small amount of petroleum jelly as a stabilizer. The term smokeless powder applied to other types of explosives is incorrect, since neither is free of smoke when it explodes, or is in the form of dust. The speed at which it burns any type of smokeless powder is controlled by the shape of grains of gunpowder. Since These burn from the surface inward, it is possible to produce grain to burn progressively slower or faster, depending on its shape and dimensions. For example, spherical grains are progressively smaller surface areas as they burn, and therefore burn progressively slower. This type of gunpowder used in short-barreled small arms such as pistols.
EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES FOR USE
Launcher
He who has the task of initiating the explosive secondary. They tend to be highly sensitive explosives (Primary) in combination according to the required momentum, impact, electrical or thermal. Often called detonators to be Cartridged commercially.
is the mass loading basis and is subject to operate the blast design. The initiator is responsible for initiating the load. Some substances may not require initiator: gunpowder, nitroglycerin and PETN ignite relatively easily under the flame.
Multiplier
Sometimes the burden does not detonate the primer, so it takes an explosive that is sensitive to intermediate initiator and the start time to load. Too often nafos need it.
MIXED EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES
substances
often lack all the properties requested for a function, for example, is highly unstable nitroglycerin, ammonium nitrate styphnate very mediocre or lead should be more sensitive the flame. To overcome these problems are turning to mixtures of these to enhance weaknesses. Commercially known:
The explosive is present in the life of mine, both exterior and interior, and power makes it very dangerous if not used according to established standards. Their abuse has caused many serious accidents and fatalities. The explosives are used to break, destroy or weaken hard materials, usually rocks.
An explosive is a mixture of products, some fuels and oxidizers, which are properly initiated in a very rapid reaction and a large heat production (explosive reaction). The most outstanding characteristics of explosives are
Chemical stability. Skill that has to remain chemically unchanged for a short time. The loss of these skills are usually given for long storage in places with poor ventilation.
sensitivity. It's more or less energy is needed to communicate the explosive to produce the explosion. Within the sensitivity there are different types, which include sensitivity
detonator. All industrial explosives required for initiation of detonation of an explosive superior power, the explosive will be placed in a detonator, or a multiplicador.Sensibilidad the blast. Is the maximum distance that transmits a primer detonation shock receptor.Sensibilidad another cartridge. There are explosives that are very sensitive to shock and others less so and require a detonator for explosion.
EXPLOSIVES IN MINING.
The explosive is present in the life of mine, both exterior and interior, and power makes it very dangerous if not used according to established standards. Their abuse has caused many serious accidents and fatalities. The explosives are used to break, destroy or weaken hard materials, usually rocks.
An explosive is a mixture of products, some fuels and oxidizers, which are initiated due to a very rapid reaction and a large heat production (explosive reaction). The most outstanding characteristics of explosives are
Chemical stability. Skill that has to remain chemically unchanged for a short time. The loss of these skills are usually given for long storage in places with poor ventilation.
sensitivity. It's more or less energy is needed to communicate the explosive to produce the explosion. Within the sensitivity there are different types, which include sensitivity
detonator. All explosives industrial need for initiation of detonation of an explosive of greater power, the explosive will be placed in a detonator, or a multiplier.
blast sensitivity. Is the maximum distance at which a primer detonation transmitted to another cartridge receiver.
sensitivity to shock. There are explosives that are very sensitive to shock and others less so and require a detonator for explosion.
detonation speed. It is one of the main features to consider when choosing a type of explosive.
explosive power. Is the ability of an explosive to break and project the rock or mineral you want to break.
water resistance. Is the feature by which an explosive, wrapped without a special use properties remains unchanged in contact with water. A difference is in this sense are three concepts:
agua.Resistencia resistance contact to the water under pressure humedad.Resistencia thereof.
accessories used in blasting are:
detonators. This consists of an aluminum cap, inside which is a quantity of explosive.
electric detonators. Activated, as its name indicates, by means of electricity. Are most commonly used today. It consists of three parts placed inside a metal cap aluminum or copper (which is used in coal mines). These three parts are: the electrical, the retarder and the explosive. The electrical part, placed at the top is formed by the igniter or match and the connecting wires are of different colors depending on the type of detonator. Retarding part exists only in the detonators of time, delay or microrretardo, not have the instant. Is placed in the intermediate zone between the igniter and the explosive. It is a metal cap filled with a paste explosive precision retarding burning at a rate calculated. The explosive part is housed in the bottom of the cap and is composed of two charges, lower elementary and one called charge higher than base-load is high. When an electric current passes through the connecting wires, through the strength of the match, causes it to warm up to the ignition temperature of the dough retarder (or explosive if it is instantaneous) that when finished burning cargo explodes primary explodes and blows up the base load.
Detonators instant. There are delays and the explosion of the primary load is instantaneous. A thread is white and the other depends on the sensitivity. Detonators
delay of 500 milliseconds. These detonators explode with streams of media in half a second. The wire colors are blue and other color depends on the sensitivity. Fuses
microrretardo 20 milliseconds. Used for special work with a sequence of 20 to 20 milliseconds. The color of the wires is the same as above. Mecha
slow. It is a flexible cord containing powder and which transmits the heat to a steady speed up the detonator.
detonating cord. It is a flexible cord in which there is PETN. Used to transmit the detonation of explosives initiated by the detonator.
Ohmmeter. Apparatus for measuring the blasting circuit resistance. The analog is and digital .
exploder . are the devices that generate electrical power required to activate the detonator.
ARTICLES OF INTEREST
New meteor to detect explosives
A group of U.S. and Danish researchers have developed a new method to detect explosives based on the physical properties of vapors emanating from these substances.
This technology is already being tested in prototitpos, is described in the latest issue of the journal Review of Scientific Instruments, published by the American Institute of Physics.
"Certain kinds of explosives have unique thermal characteristics that help identify explosive vapors in the presence of other vapors," says Thomas Thundat, a researcher at the National Oak Ridge Laboratory and the University of Tennessee, who led the research with researchers from the Technical University Denmark.
In their study, the scientists show that its technology is capable of explosives trace detection, and even distinguish between harmless chemicals or explosive so as to differentiate between explosives such as TNT, PETN or RDX.
Thundat and his team have been working for years in the development of sensors for explosives. Conmvencionales sensors use ion mobility spectrometers, which ionize small amounts of chemicals and measure how fast they move through an electric field. But while these tools are fast and responsive, very expensive and bulky, which has led to development of other cheaper and portable systems to detect explosives.
In line with other research for micromechanical sensors desarroillar standard Thundat and his team have managed to get a prototype that detect explosives in a selective and highly sensitive means of sensors that measure the "thermal signature" of chemical vapors
pyrotechnics within the reach of children
No pyrotechnic product is harmless, and less for children, "said Abner Hurtado, director of the Fire Department in El Salvador.
23 years experience as a firefighter support that claim. "For most small to be seen, always, always a risk, and the head of children is one that must be alert to avoid accidents, "says Hurtado.
The stars, volcanoes, primers and milpitas are, for some parents, the products are less harmful to their children during the holiday season and year-end. "Big mistake," said Hurtado. The injury may cause these products on the skin of a child ranging from first-degree burn (which is the redness of the skin) via second-degree burns (which causes blisters on the skin) to an amputation.
"We have had cases in previous years have been very severe burns on the face of the kids because the stars are very close to the face, or come to see why not turn the volcanoes, and suddenly the flame of fire ... Adults must stay alert, "says the director of Fire.
burns will depend on the amount of time the dermis (skin) of the child is exposed to contact with fire or light.
risks
insignificant These fireworks have already led to some claims, not only in dry brush, but also in homes in dropping a spark of fire in flammable fabric products curtains, paper or wooden furniture.
The pompano and five sizes of mortars are some of the fireworks produced by explosion, and are, according to Hurtado, the leading cause of amputation of fingers in the little ones.
"It's not the same thing that a mortar explode in the hand of an adult in a child's hand: the skin is more sensitive and the havoc that will occur are enormous," said the director of Fire. But the official
the product more dangerous fireworks is the whistle. "There have been reports that a singer burns the eyes of children," he says.
THE FIREWORKS HISTORY
The first reports on the use of mixtures pirical match the use of black powder, attributing its invention to the Chinese. The birthplace of fireworks is generally recognized as China, with the first explosive mixture found there and called "black powder" during the Sung Dynasty (960-1279). It is said that a cook in ancient China found that a mixture of sulfur, saltpeter, and charcoal was highly flammable and would explode if it was included in a small space. The first application of this technology was for entertainment. The Chinese are still the largest producers and concerning fireworks. Once the recipe for black powder was perfected, they found they could easily be used as rocket fuel, rockets and made hand-carved wood with the dimensions to be placed and the mouth of a dragon, in the sixth century. Such as rocket powered arrows out of the mouth of the dragon, and were used against the invaders from Mongolia in 1279. The principle of operation of these rockets is still used today in fireworks.
Until the nineteenth century, fireworks lacked a key aesthetic feature today: the color. Then the fireworks began using a combination of potassium chlorate and various metallic salts to make brilliant colors. The salts of these metals produce the different colors: strontium burns red copper makes blue, barium glows green; and sodium, yellow. Magnesium, aluminum, and titanium were found to emit sparkling white or flash.
Although China invented fireworks, Europe surpassed the technical development in the fourteenth century, which coincides with the time that the gun was invented. Shot and gunpowder for military use were made by skilled tradesmen, later called "firemakers" (manufacturers of fire), who also did the fireworks for celebrations of the peace or victory. During the Renaissance, Europe emerged two schools of thought fireworks, one in Italy and the other in Nuremberg (Germany). The Italian school of pyrotechnics emphasized elaborate fireworks, and the scientific breakthrough of the German school was. Both schools added significantly to the further development of pyrotechnics, and by the mid seventeenth century fireworks were used for entertainment on a scale unprecedented in Europe, being popular even public gardens. In the nineteenth century fireworks became popular in the United States. Several injuries associated with fireworks, especially in children, because their use was made without restriction. Consequently, in many U.S. states and parts of Canada the sale of fireworks now is restricted by law.
Since its inception the main element of the devices was a tube light, fireproof, terminated on one end and filled with a mixture similar to black powder. Regardless of these tubes hanging or mounted on mobile or fixed frames, were obtained as today the most diverse efectos.El progress on fireworks has been to the new formulas introduced, fuel blends greater lighting effect, more rapid combustion and study of the safety standards, aimed at reducing or eliminating any possibility of an accident.
The first applications of the mixtures were always parties pirical more later used as a means of war, until they were displaced by artillería.En the two world wars have been used intensively pyrotechnic mixtures either as a means of marking the day and night, in mixtures smoke for concealment of areas of land, with tracer bullets streak of light (air defense artillery), etc. .. Currently, the use of mixtures pirical or pyrotechnic devices, has been extended to agricultural protection (anti-hail rockets), to combat pests, as a propellant ( engine starter cartridges), welding aids, signage (flares), etc. ..
basic loads of fireworks pyrotechnic mixtures that burn rapidly and its composition should contain enough oxygen for combustión.La raw material used in fireworks is black powder, finely divided, or magazine, which can be added in different proportions substances in order to modify some of its properties, particularly its speed combustión.Para more easily realize the effects of such aggregates in the pyrotechnic field, we will briefly review the chemical process of the combustion means combustión.Se chemical combination of oxygen with other substances, with development of heat and light, forming what is called a burn oxidación.Las substances, ie those that under certain conditions tend to combine with oxygen, called fuel, oxygen is an oxidizer, ie the factor influencing the air combustión.El consists of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen (basically), of which the oxygen in the same work even at ordinary temperature for some metals, oxidizing. For example, iron, resulting in the formation of oxides, in which case the reaction is very slow, ie, involves a lot of time to take place, it is called combustion lenta.Combustiones faster we get when we burn a wooden match, the acrid smell it feels is due to sulfur dioxide formed by the action of atmospheric oxygen on the azufre.Cuando burn coal, according to the amount of air available, form various gases: carbon dioxide (if the air is insufficient) and maleic carbon (if the air is in the proper proportions or in excess). To burn the substance must be at a certain temperature, this temperature varies depending on the substance fuel (combustion temperature). There are substances that replacement air can provide oxygen needed for combustion of the mixtures, these oxidizing substances called oxidants such as nitrates, chlorates, bichromate, etc. .. The combustion of these mixtures is naturally faster than those in which it operates air oxygen, as oxygen is released in close contact.
varying the proportions of oxidant (or oxidizing) and fuel mixtures, adjustable burn rate the same, or producing a change in the constitution of the pyrotechnic mixture. The most obvious example is given by the black powder through numerous formulas, obtained by varying the proportions of its three components: carbon and sulfur (fuel) and sodium or potassium nitrate (oxidising). If the composition is invariable leaves the amount of nitrate and sulfur, and gradually increased the proportion of coal, you get a powder a bit slower in their rate of combustion.
Another quality in mixtures pirical study is the variety of colors that can occur when burned. In practice, the compositions are designated with the name of color that give the quemarse.Se used for this purpose, some powdered metals or salts of those metals which decompose at the temperature of combustion of the mixtures, communicated to the combustion gas coloración.La a special feature of light intensity depends on the temperature of the flame. It may happen that some substances are volatile at temperatures just high, in this case required the composition or mixture shall be such as to decompose develop a temperature sufficient to cause the vapors llama.En give color to the composition of mixtures of colored lights, usually add a small amount to achieve white light, because the components of that on to develop a significant amount of hot gas and thereby facilitating the decomposition of dyes, salts are less volatile.
The most commonly used pyrotechnic burning and explosion. The blast, with few exceptions, should be avoided and putrefaction has no value in putrefaction pirotecnia.La is a slow process and is usually caused by fungi and bacteria, aided by moisture and calor.La explosion was caused by a violent reaction of the chemical elements and is generally initiated by application of heat. The heat required is achieved by heat, friction or combustion espontánea.La decomposition or detonation is instantaneous reaction. This phenomenon is used in blasting with dynamite (among others), where you want to get as much energy possible.The chemical reactions occur only under certain conditions. For example, if one part oxygen and two parts of hydrogen are mixed in a container at the normal temperature nothing happens, but if it blows up a spark into the mixture produces a violent explosion, obtaining product agua.Este principle applies to virtually all pyrotechnic mixtures and should be sought optimal conditions in which the reaction should occur.
Applications:
pyrotechnics used by all of us in a very common but is an element that if not used properly, can be extremely dangerous even fatal. The firework device consists of explosives that give rise to colored flames and sparks to be burning. These devices are commonly referred to as fireworks, they are used in exhibitions and all sorts of festivities.
Since the invention of gunpowder by the Chinese, the technique was brought to Europe by Marco Polo, making the fireworks take a very strong in Italy, expanding gradually throughout Europe and in Muslim culture, that because its occupation of the peninsula, they established the foundation and tradition sprinkled with profit in the whole area of \u200b\u200bsouthern Spain, from Madrid to Valencia, causing them to take a bit of an increasing interest in pyrotechnics.
types of pyrotechnics:
The sophistication of pyrotechnics and their derivatives are its size and power, which is why these pyrotechnics are regulated by the Explosives Regulations, it determines the restrictions and legislation for use, manufacture and trade.
Thus, as local authorities have the authority to authorize or permit the shooting and the use of pyrotechnics and fireworks.
are on the market range of products that are able to create different results, which are commonly known as rocket, fireworks and explosions that occur are the purpose of them, among them are models, like trucks or firecrackers, rockets or flying pyrotechnic shells or bombs, fireworks, firecrackers, and masclets holes, there are the pigeons and doves, flares and witches and other types of pyrotechnics.
Technical data on the pyrotechnics.
specific data exist on each of the fireworks: the cascade of rain has a duration of 3 minutes, its length is 5 meters and height is 5 meters to 20 meters. Colorful pumps have a 8.5 caliber radius of 3 meters, the colors are varied (blue, red, green, silver and yellow), its duration is 1 minute dropping about 20 bombs and a height of 60 meters. 7.5 caliber explosive bombs pose a range of 20 meters, an effect of noise, a height of 60 meters and his 20 bombs last 1 minute.
We must also take into account the danger that may be the uncontrolled use of this product.
prevention campaign fireworks:
From The Security Secretariat reported on the preventive measures for the use of pyrotechnics that the community should have occasion to approach the holidays this year.
In this sense, it was reported that operations were conducted joint prevention and control between the Fire Department of the provincial police and the municipal capital, in the field of capital to purposes of finding the appropriate enabling local market products authorized by the National Registry of Weapons (RENAR).
however, are advised to take precautions when purchasing fireworks, avoid illegal sales positions, checks that are products of good quality and approved by RENAR, respecting the indications for use of products, not to sell fireworks to under 16 years, without detonating fireworks in bottles, cans or containers or confined areas; not carry fireworks in pockets or hold lit firecracker in his hand.
also informed that the task of controlling bodies with responsibility and prudence of those you sell and buy fireworks, they will help in the holidays are celebrated in their homes, happily and with better health. Sources
failures Valencia. Declared
International Festival of Tourist Interest, famous throughout the world, the people were born and were rejected at first, by the bourgeoisie and the clergy.
has its origins in the habit of artisans in the winter dusk lit chandeliers hanging in the "estai", "parot" or "pelmodo", similar to a long candlestick with many branches, to get good weather, spring , burned it and carpenters, who for throughout the year had been working in their shops, took advantage of the arrival of good weather to clean your carpentry drawing boards, shingles, beams and other stacking the street and set fire to them, over time, neighbors began piling up furniture and other old items that no longer served at home.
This became a popular festival and what were initially furniture gradually came to be represented by "ninots" society in which they lived, what provoked the displeasure of the bourgeoisie and the clergy (usually ironic on them.) Is a quote about the failures dedicated to San Vicente (the fire spring) in 1596 were paid Peter Torralba 74 pounds, a salary and six money by "les Graeber (grills) which burned" les fan failures on the feast of St. Vincent Ferrer glories. "
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